典型氟工业园周边河流沉积物中全(多)氟化合物的分布特征

采用超高效液相色谱/质谱联用(UPLC/MS-MS)分析了我国重要的氟化物工业园区周边河流——辽宁细河(阜新段)、山东小清河(淄博段)和长江(江苏常熟段)表层沉积物中全(多)氟烷基化合物(PFASs)的污染状况.细河表层沉积物中,PFASs含量范围(以干重计,下同)为15.8～2 770 ng·g~(-1),全氟丁烷磺酸(PFBS)和六氟环氧丙烷二聚酸(HFPO-DA)是主要污染物;小清河表层沉积物中,PFASs含量为12.2～7 853 ng·g~(-1),全氟烷基辛酸(PFOA)和HFPO-DA为主要污染物;长江表层沉积物中,PFASs含量为9.20～35.9 ng·g~(-1),全氟十四酸(PFTeDA)和6∶2氟调磺酸(6∶2FTS)为主要污染物.工业园区废水排放(点源污染)是本研究中3个区域PFASs的主要来源. 3个区域PFASs含量及组成差异明显,与工业园区生产规模和产业类型有关.PFASs含量及各组分含量与TOC、沉积物粒径没有显著相关性,PFASs各组分间相关性也有差异,说明PFASs在沉积物中的富集过程与多种因素有关.     

Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in matched human serum, urine, hair and nail

The purpose of this study was to determine perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) in human serum, urine, hair and nail from general populations, and to investigate the possibility for human urine, hair and nail used as the biomonitoring sample for PFASs exposure. We detected the concentrations of PFHx A, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUn DA, PFDo A, PFHx S and PFOS in 39 matched human serum, urine, hair and nail samples from Shenzhen in China. The detection frequency and the median level of PFOS were all higher than that of the other PFASs in four matrices. The median concentration of PFOS in serum, urine, hair, and nail were 9.24 ng/mL, 13.96 ng/L, 0.58 ng/g and 0.63 ng/g, respectively. The results of spearman correlation test indicated that nail was an ideal matrix for biomonitoring PFOS rather than human urine and hair in general populations for the non-invasive sampling.     

对城市交通规划EIA替代方案的思考

阐述了替代方案的内涵和作用，分析了城市交通规划EIA的重要性，对城市交通规划EIA中替代方案的确定程序与分析比较方法、公众参与替代方案确定和分析过程中的作用等内容进行了探讨。     

BRACKISH GROUNDWATER DESALINATION: A COMMUNITY'S SOLUTION TO WATER SUPPLY AND AQUIFER PROTECTION1

The City of Cape May, New Jersey, draws its primary water supply from the Cohansey Aquifer, a unit serving residential, community, and industrial users throughout the Coastal Plain. By the year 2000, projected population growth will impose a peak water demand beyond available supplies. In addition, regional over-pumping threatens the Cohansey with saltwater intrusion, placing the city wells at risk by 1998. In the early-to mid 1990s, three broad categories of water-supply alternatives were evaluated by regional, state, and federal agencies — additional pumping from the Cohansey, conjunctive use of the Cohansey with other aquifers, and desalination of brackish groundwater. An approach was adopted in 1996 which derives up to 2 MGD from desalination of brackish groundwater, with the remaining peak demand satisfied by short-term pumpage from existing wells in the Cohansey. The first of two wells has been completed, yielding 1.4 MGD of brackish groundwater. Similar performance from the second well will exceed the design goal. When the initial system comes on line during the summer of 1998, New Jersey will have its first public water supply derived from desalinated groundwater. The use of desalinated groundwater balances competing demands for water resources in the southern Cape Region of New Jersey, allowing continued economic growth while reducing human impacts on a threatened aquifer.     

Waste management project's alternatives: A risk-based multi-criteria assessment (RBMCA) approach

This paper examines the evaluation of a waste management project’s alternatives through a quantitative risk analysis. Cost benefit analysis is a widely used method, in which the investments are mainly assessed through the calculation of their evaluation indicators, namely benefit/cost (B/C) ratios, as well as the quantification of their financial, technical, environmental and social risks. Herein, a novel approach in the form of risk-based multi-criteria assessment (RBMCA) is introduced, which can be used by decision makers, in order to select the optimum alternative of a waste management project. Specifically, decision makers use multiple criteria, which are based on the cumulative probability distribution functions of the alternatives’ B/C ratios. The RBMCA system is used for the evaluation of a waste incineration project’s alternatives, where the correlation between the criteria weight values and the decision makers’ risk preferences is analyzed and useful conclusions are discussed.     

氯氟烃抛射剂的限禁与代用

本文叙述了氯氟烃抛射剂限禁概况及目前采取的主要对策，包括发展代用品的技术，经济要求，主要的代用品如液化石油气，二甲醚，压缩气体等几种代用技术。概述了我国氯氟烃剂及代用品使用概况，提出了我国应采取的对策。     

环境评价中的替代方案分析

替代方案主要指项目的选址，规模，实施等的替代方案，包括项目环境保护措施的多种方案比较。文章浅析了环境评价中的替代方案，以环境评价中替代方案分析步骤为主线。从替代方案的识别，资源需求，替代方案的筛选与比较等方面进行论述，并结合上海港重建与开发工程的实例，选择合适的替代方案，最后对“不上项目”的替代方案作一概括介绍。     

城市公共交通规划环境影响评价的替代方案分析

城市交通的可持续发展战略要求在交迎规划的制定过程引入战略环境评价。文中结合发展实际，就城市公共交通规划的环境影响评价中的4种替代方案进行了环境影响分析。     

Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs) in surface and tap water around Lake Taihu in China

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are ubiquitously distributed in the environment mainly as perfluoro-carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs). In this paper, six PFCAs and two PFASs were quantified in surface and tap water samples from 12 sites around Lake Taihu near Shanghai City in East China. Predominant PFCs were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), of which the concentration ranges were 6.8–206 and 1.2–45 ng·L⁻¹, the geometric means were 35.3 and 9.4 ng·L⁻¹, and the median (quartile range) values were 31.4 (34.4) and 10.4 (10.7) ng·L⁻¹, respectively. Other PFCs were also detected but in much lower concentrations than PFOA. The sources of the PFCs were expected to be direct industrial discharges in the Lake Taihu area, and this area was also a possible source of PFCs contaminations in Shanghai district in the downstream. PFCs distributions were found different in the upstream, downstream and north part of Lake Taihu. Occurrences of PFCs in the tap water in Lake Taihu area indicated their exposure to the local people. A brief estimation of the environmental risks by PFCs implied no acute or immediate risks from PFCs to local human health, but chronic risks from PFOA in the tap water should be considered in the downstream regions.     

北京水源地鱼体全氟化合物的暴露水平及其健康风险

全氟化合物(PFASs)作为一类新型的有机污染物,因具有持久性、可长距离传输、生物蓄积性和生物毒性等POPs特性,近年来得到全世界的广泛关注。本文以北京市水源地(密云水库和官厅水库)为研究区域,采用固相萃取(SPE)前处理与高效液相色谱串联质谱联用(HPLC-MS/MS)相结合的方法,分析测定了鱼样品中包括全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)、全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟丁酸(PFBA)、全氟丁烷磺酸(PFBS)等在内的12种PFASs的含量。利用同位素法确定了不同种类鱼的营养级关系,研究不同营养级中的PFASs浓度及生物放大效应,重点对全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)与全氟辛酸(PFOA)的生态风险以及对人体的健康风险进行评价。结果表明:北京市水源地的鱼体中的PFASs存在不同程度的检出,其中,全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)、全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟壬酸(PFNA)、全氟癸酸(PFDA)、全氟十一酸(PFUdA)和全氟十二酸(PFDoA)的检出率均达到100%,PFASs总量浓度达1.70~14.32 ng·g~(-1) wet weight(w.w.),PFOS和长链全氟羧酸PFCAs是鱼体中的主要污染物。同位素鉴定水库鱼的营养级层次范围在2.11~4.10,且肉食性鱼类营养级大多高于杂食性鱼类,PFOS沿着食物链生物放大的过程与稳定碳氮同位素富集过程基本同步。此外,采用人均日摄入量法(average daily intake,ADI)评估得到PFOS与PFOA的风险值分别为1.16 ng·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)和0.31ng·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),整体低于人均每天可承受摄入量(tolerable daily intake,TDI),结果表明,北京水源地鱼体中PFOS和PFOA含量未达到对生态系统和人体健康具有风险的水平。